Islamophobia and Its Effects

Thesis statement: Islamophobia has directly affected young Muslims; the negative perceptions that are associated with Islam may lead to self-exclusion and exclusion, with noticeable effects on self esteem and social practices. A lot of efforts were made to control the effects that were triggered by the impact of Islamophobia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamophobia and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Experts define Islamophobia as fear against, or prejudice or hate towards Islam or Muslims. (islamophobia.org) There has been an increase of the perceived trend of Islamophobia in the 2000s, that been linked to the 9/11 attacks in the USA, while on the other hand some relate it to the rapidly growing Muslim populations in the Western World, due to both immigrations and high fertility rate. A lot of young people are negatively affected by Islamophobia. Young Muslims are directly and high ly affected by it, the facts that lead to many acts of discrimination. It’s quite obvious that negative perceptions associated with Islam may lead to self-exclusion and exclusion, with noticeable effects on self esteem and social practices. Causes of Islamophobia The concerns of Muslim world over the rise of Islamaphobia have become one of the major challenges of today’s world. This phenomenon is voiced very strongly in global and regional politics troubling the relationship between Islam and Western countries. Terrorism has assumed serious proportions and become major cause Muslim stereotyping in the modern world where the role of media is central. Media wars took turned for the worst since the 9/11 terrorists attacks in the US. As a result, Muslims are subjected to different forms of discrimination inciting hatred and unrest in the society. This has been blamed on manipulation and misrepresentation of actual facts by media particularly in the North America, Britain a nd Europe. Media portrayal of Muslims in an offensive and denigrating manner witnessed unsettling changes on both systems making Muslims victims of terror and violence. Media have been delegated the responsibility of shaping public opinion while covering reality at the same time, but in this case, continued attacks by a section of marginal groups by the West has fostered a culture of intolerance and misunderstanding. Media shapes how we see the world, and by choosing negative and frightening names for people in communicating the crisis problem greatly shapes individual’s perception towards the group in question. Mirza (2009) argues that global dominance of Western media is capable of influencing people against Islam and Muslims by using the 9/11 attacks to capitalize its political campaign.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mirza (2009) adds that the media depict Muslim what Mirza (2009) terms as â€Å"fundamentalism†, â€Å"extremism† and â€Å"racialism† (p.1). Media being the central information point represent Muslims as collective victims of terrorisms and a security threat to the Western people hence the reason for their war justification in wars tone countries. While politicization of how media has stereotyped the entire Muslim group, little efforts have been made to respond to new cadre of islamaphobic. Too often, we (viewers and readers) are caught in between engaging in revisionism debate of Islamic religion and the convincing media position of what would otherwise be classified as injustice. Effects of Islam Discrimination, Exclusion and Self-esteem Dekker and Jolander (2009) argue that â€Å"Islam is the most anti-racist and anti- prejudicial way of life† (p.1). Politicisation of Muslim followers as terrorists has brought a very sad reality of hate and violence. It has been argued that discrimination of such groups has become a major problem on the minority in Muslim communities living in foreign countries diminishing the powerful universality of their culture. The development of hostile relationships has been on the rise resulting to increased discrimination and social isolation among Muslims. Muslim youths on the other hand have experienced great social exclusion increasing chances of school dropouts and low performances. The European Monitoring Centre (EUMC) also reported high undesirable outcome of discrimination and violence towards Muslims to be attributed from negative mass media reports. Many of these reports were associated with exclusion, discrimination and violence particularly in schools and in housing sectors. These unfounded hostility on Muslin followers led to one-dimensional interpretation of the Islam as ‘terrorists’ resulting to low school performances, high unemployment rate, low wages, verbal threats and physical aggression (Dekker and Jolander, 2009, p. 3). EUMC Reports European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) reports on the nature of discrimination against Muslim and Islamophobic incidents recorded high rates of discrimination incidents particularly in areas of employment, education and housing which it argues to be linked to Islamaphobic attitudes (Bohner, 2010, p.240). Increased levels of Islamaphobic are represented in areas of poor housing and below average grades particularly in school going youths. In employment sector, EUMC (2004) argues that in Ireland State an increase of 7% in unemployment rates as opposed to the national average of 4 per cent as a result of low income levels. The same reports provided that European immigrants, more particularly Muslims are more likely to drop out of schools or even worse obtain lower qualifications as a result of discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamophobia and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In whereas religious education is involved, Imams without formal qualification with little understanding of the local social context invited to teach Muslim immigrants were likely to increase lack of understanding of Muslim religion. While on housing aspect, Muslim followers suffered greater vulnerability and insecurity in their housing status as opposed to other groups. List of incidents described as â€Å"Islamophobic† United Kingdom Since the September 11th attacks on the U.S, extremists groups have targeted Muslim communities in UK by vandalising their places of worship and intimidating their religion. For example, the Kingston Mosque was attacked by throwing bottles of beer and bacons and urinating on mosques following match against Muslim extremism (Commet, 2010, p.1). United States A Muslim cab driver was brutally attacked by a New York resident after professing to the Muslim religion (Siegel, 2010, p.1). Canada At the beginning of May, a group of unknown people attacked a mosque in Canadian City of Hamilton causing severe damages to Muslim schools and buildings which were estimated to have cost 5,000 Canadian dollars (Trend, 2010, p.1). Efforts against Islamophobia and Conclusion EUMC has proposed policies and measures to adequately tackle discrimination and addresses social injustice in areas of discrimination, employment opportunities and education standards that lead to social cohesion. Such strategies include; Implementation of legislation; EUMC proposes for specific measures to promote equality. It argues that formation of groups such as Race Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive will ensure minority individuals vulnerable to discrimination are aware of their rights. Recording and policing Islamic incidents. EUMC proposes for recording of racism incidents and encouragement of diversity police training programs. Implementation of social integration to ensure equal opportunities and encourage social cohesion should include Muslim representatives in policy making. Promotion of equal access to education and inclusion of Muslim religion in current curriculum to ensure history of minority groups are accurately represented (EUMC, 2004, p.4). In practical efforts, Luxembourg Ministry of Education incorporated a syllabus on â€Å"Instruction religieuse et morale† which focused on Inter-faith dialogues and explains human values of non-Christian religions. Secondly, the Inter-faith dialogue known as the ‘Islamic Forums’ in the same country aimed at reducing prejudices and fears towards the Muslim community will greatly reduce Islamaphobia incidents. Discussions on racism and Islamophobia in schools should be greatly encouraged to reflect diversity within communities. Encouraging Muslims to engage in Europe public life such as politics and social processes will greatly reduce Islamaphobic incidents. And lastly, media should validate its information to ensure its acc uracy before reporting to the general public.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bohner, G. (2001). Attitudes. Introduction to social psychology, 3, 239-282. Commet, S. (2010). UK: Mosque attacked by protesters against Muslim extremism.  Retrieved from: http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2010/11/uk-mosque-attacked-by-protesters.html Dekker, H., Jolanda, N. (2009).Islamophobia and its origins: A study among Dutch youth.  International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20 (3), 1-31 EUMC. (2004). Highlights of EUMC report: Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. Social Science Research, 45, 1-5 Mirza, M. (2009). The Perception of Islam and Muslims in the Media and the Responsibility of European Muslims Towards the Media. Islamic Journal, 1, 1-4 Siegel, E. (December 14, 2010). Muslim cab driver stabbed in New York City Michael Enright arrested on hate crime charge. The Huffington Post, 1,1 Trend. (2010). Unknown persons attacked mosque in Canada. Retrieved from: https://en.trend.az/world/arab/1612283.html This essay on Islamophobia and Its Effects was written and submitted by user Carle1gh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lables shown in G.I. Jane essays

Lables shown in G.I. Jane essays The movie GI Jane is about a test to see if women are capable of becoming part of combat units in the United States military. It is a test of the capabilities of a woman (played by Demi Moore) and to see if she can complete Navy SEAL training. This is designed to see if the US policy on women in combat units (Navy SEALs, Army Special Forces, Marine Force Recon, etc.) is valid. Currently, the US military does not allow women in front line units such as the SEALs and they are not allowed in units that are designated combat arms such as infantry, armor, and artillery. The purpose of the policy is to keep women out of the front lines and the majority of the fighting when a battle is fought. Some people say that it is because women dont have the physical capability to keep up with men and they would be a hindrance to the unit. In the movie the Command Master Chief in charge of the SEAL training made a comment on the Israelis trying to put women in combat. He said that the Israeli troops mourned more over a fallen female soldier then they did a fellow man who had been killed. These emotions caused the men to be less effective in combat and cost additional lives. When Lieutenant ONeal was allowed into SEAL school she was labeled from the start as a female that would never be allowed to pass the training. From the moment she reported to her commanding officer she was treated differently. This type of treatment (regardless of how obvious it might be) is designed to single people out. In a situation like this being an individual is the easiest way to fail. This individualized treatment was designed to make this woman fail. Because she was labeled as a woman her instructors wanted to see her fail and her fellow trainees had no desire to help her succeed. If anything her fellow trainees wanted her to fail even more. Quotes such as No split tail ...

Jet Blue Airways Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jet Blue Airways - Case Study Example This is because airline fortunes change quite quickly and by large margins that if one made a profit, it is appealing but a loss if incurred, it is devastating. There are many airlines competing in the US market most of which register losses for years. This has proved difficult especially for companies with limited resources that compete with those with enough resources to afford less travels charges for customers and higher pay packages for employees. These two factors result in mass exodus of customers and staff from poor performing airlines. The more financially able firms were also the ones that could offer high quality service, more value addition services and subsidized rates. Aviation colleges were not graduating enough pilots and other airport staff to cater for the high demand in this industry. Thus, the airlines that could not afford the high cost of hiring more staff had to do with grounding their planes since there is an official limit of hours that an employee should wor k per day. The high number of airlines in the US causes congestion in the JF Kennedy International Airport (JFKIA). Congestion results in delays and flight cancellations that in turn resulted to loss of customers for airlines who had no alternative strategies for dealing with these inconveniences. Airlines undergoing financial difficulties could only obtain limited financial assistance from well-off multinationals since the law required that a Non-US company can only have a maximum 25% stake in a US airline. No US airline could obtain foreign financial assistance beyond 25% of its value. The only other option left for these companies were mergers and cost cutting especially with the steep rise in cost of crude oil and by extension, jet fuel. Strategic Intent Jet Blue had planned to expand mainly by increasing the number of destinations that it had direct flights. This was achieved by identifying an alternative hub since JFK Airport was overly congested. In addition, the company prov ided discounted services that included low fares, snacks during flights and speedy clearance to travel. Value addition was another strategy used to attract customers mainly by offering services like private massage, manicure, hair styling, a children play area and a big screen TV. Jet Blue put these fine details into consideration and they paid off well making customers want to seek their travel services. Financial Objectives Before offering low cost services, the company had to cut down its operation costs. First, it bought economical planes for its fleet by replacing Boeing 737 with Airbus A320 that is easier to operate and maintain. Second, it used IT to cut operational costs by use of Open Skies software to manage internet bookings, electronic ticketing and revenue management. Use of IT also included phone bookings and use of PayPal to pay for their tickets. These strategies worked well for Jet Blue as it continued expanding at a faster rate than competition.  

How was the La Pachuca symbolized during the Zoot Suit Riots Research Paper

How was the La Pachuca symbolized during the Zoot Suit Riots - Research Paper Example The La Pachuca symbolized the concept of complete equality between men and women, as well as a race, while using style and statements to show a sense of identity to the time frame. Defining La Pachuca The concept of La Pachuca rose at the same time as the Zoot Suits of the Chicano movement. The main ideal was based on creating a sense of identity in which all individuals from Mexico, Spain and the Latin decent had a combined identity. The Zoot Suits were the masculine interpretation of creating a modern and new style which set apart this sense of identity. The main concept was to remain as outsiders from the rest of society because of the ethnicity and decent. However, this was combined with the modernist approach of the Zoot Suits, which mimicked the time frame and other concepts of culture. Typically, those who wore these suits were attributed with gang violence and the ethnic race. The La Pachuca mimicked this ideal with the same association of belonging to the Chicana movement wh ile intertwining contemporary style with ethnicity from the feminine style of the time (Ramos, 562). The main approach which the women used in the Zoot Suit movement was based on creating a male like mimic and counterpart to the men of the movement. The women wore baggy pants with a high waste, followed by a t-shirt or blouse. The hair was pulled back with a â€Å"puff† on the top or a short cut of the hair (see Appendix A). This particular style was followed with the more feminine approach. This included a pencil skirt which went to the knees and also which had a high waste. This was accessorized with fishnet stockings, platform heels or sandals. The women would wear this with suspenders and a v-neck sweater or blouse over the top. If the hair was placed down, then it would be curled but would keep the same high top as the other styles used for the time. The women were also known for wearing darker lipstick and were often dressed with the same tattoos as men. The ideology wh ich was created, while moving into a slightly feminist approach, always mimicked the male Zoot Suiters and the style which was taken to distinguish them as Latin American and a part of the rebellion and movement of the time (Ramirez, 1). La Pachuca as a Symbol of Equality The first way in which the representation of the La Pachuca became a symbol was through the definition of equality which was exhibited. The subculture of the Zoot Suits was based on creating a sense of equality in American society for Chicanos that had immigrated to America and were interested in working with the same opportunity as other ethnicities in the country. The inability to have the same equality led many to gang activities and to outbreaks to try to point out the need to have this equality. The Zoot Suit Riots were a symbol of this desire and gathered attention in the national community to begin changing the consciousness of those in society toward culture in general. The Pachuca dressed similar to the me n and was known to have the same identity while taking place in the riots of the time. The representation of this showed that both the men and women of the Chicano / a ethnicity were looking for the same equality in society and deserved to be shown equal merit in terms of national identity (Ramirez, 9). The similarity of the zoot suit and the dress of the La Pachuca were furthered with the overall symbolism that

See the topic on the file that i send u Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See the topic on the file that i send u - Essay Example Larmor equation originates from the classical physics and uses specific magnetic field strength. The equation aids in computation of the resonant frequency of the precession (Kamel and Merkle 2011, 102). Larmor equation is significant since it the frequency at which the underlying nucleus ought to absorb energy (Bacchieri and Giovanni Della Cioppa 2007, 56). The process of absorption of energy makes the proton change its configuration and ranges from one to one hundred MHz within the MRI. This paper illustrates the impacts and limitations of the higher B0 3T and 1.5T imaging providing imaging in regard to the Larmor formula. Numerous impacts associated with relocating from lower to higher field strength in regard to the imaging. The different normally result from the Larmor frequency, wavelength and the specific absorption ratio (Weir 2011, 69). Moreover, the primary delinquent pertains to the escalation within the excitation rate of recurrence ? of Larmor equation: ?0 = ? B0 Where ? 0 = the angular frequency of precession of protons within an external magnetic field, ? = gyromagnetic ratio=42.58 MHz/T i.e. ? = 2.67*108 radians s-1 T-1 B0 = the strength of the external magnetic field Thus, the timbre frequency escalates from roughly 63.9 MHz at the rate of 1.5T to corresponding 127.8 MHz at 3T. For computation of the wavelength within the water and the velocity of light is equivalent to 3.0?108M/s over the prevailing echo frequency. The dielectric constant of H2O into consideration: .The wavelength within liquid diminishes from fifty two centimeters at a range of 1.5T to corresponding twenty six centimeters at a range of 3T (Kamel and Merkle 2011, 115). Relative diminutive wavelengths are nearer the ordinary physique diameters and result to a gain of protective impacts. It also results to intrusions of overlaid RF surfs possessing multifaceted impacts on the RF consistency. The related complications are predominant within the front and lumbar imaging processes ( Bacchieri and Giovanni Della Cioppa 2007, 56). Rectification of an imaging problem takes place via RF shimming and advancing coil design. Absorption ratio associates to the corresponding square of excitation frequency that affects the square B0 field strength (Vittinghoff 2012, 65). The Larmor precession rate of recurrence is the degree of the precession of a swirl package within the magnetic field power. The rate of recurrence of the RF pointer stimulates alteration within the nucleus spin energy level. It also determines the gyromagnetic proportion of atoms and strength of the underlying magnetic meadow. Thus, stronger magnetic fields will result in higher precessional frequency (Kamel and Merkle 2011, 95). RF rhythm of the Larmor rate of recurrence is the applicable core atom and protons, which changes configuration of track of the principal attractive field. The rearrangement of the positive ion to the chief attractive field results in the emission of energy at the Larmor freque ncy. Attractive field variation across the magnetic field slope results in deviation of the Larmor rate of recurrence (Weir 2011, 85). Chemical shift scale is directly proportional to attractive field strength. Thus, plump and liquid resonance rate of recurrence normally contrast via the two hundred and twenty hertz at a range of one point five tesla and corresponding four hundred and forty

The Functions Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Functions Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay Culture is the soul to an enterprise, it is the essence of a successful business. So far, as the organizational culture develops, everyone has been universally recognized that its way of thinking and behaving shared by all members of the organization. Successful experience tells us, organizational culture is immortal pillars for the development of the organization, cultural development also has the potential force of cohesion, it brought not only a spirit to employees, but also inspire them a sense of pride and responsibility, cultivating the team work spirit of the organization, thus, to improve the overall effectiveness of the enterprise.(Pumpin, 1987) What is organizational culture Organizational culture is the sum of reflects that gradually formed in the production and management practices, agreed and complied with all staff, with the characteristics of the Organizations mission, vision, purpose, spirit, values and business philosophy, and the ideas in the production and management practices, management system, the behavior of employees with the external image. (Pumpin, 1987) In essence, organizational culture is a cultural phenomenon among the enterprises, its appearance is inseparable from the development of the theory and practice of modern enterprise, from the management perspective, organizational culture are the application management tools to achieve management objectives, therefore, organizational culture are not only a cultural phenomenon, but also has a connotation as a management tool. First, the organizational culture is led by a sense of enterprise management, the cultural patterns of pursuit and realization in a certain corporate purposes, from a certain sense, the organizational culture is a culture of enterprise management. Second, the organizational culture is a culture that have a common goal, group consciousness, and the suitable organizations and institutions. Third, the organizational culture is an economic culture. It is gradually formed in the operation of the production process and management activities by the enterprises and enterprise employees, leaving the economic activities of enterprises, it is impossible to have a organizational culture formation, not to mention a good one.(Miles and Snow, 1978) 2. The functions of organizational culture 2.1 The guiding function. Organizational culture can play a guiding role of value orientation and behavior orientation in enterprises and each member of them. This orientation is different from a traditional management which simply focus on the rigid discipline or system, it emphasizes to guide the behavior of members of the enterprise from the shaping organizational culture, to make people accept the common values in a cultural imperceptibly.(Barney, 1986) 2.2 The incentive function. Positive ideas and code of conduct can form a strong sense of mission and a sustained driving force. Positive organizational culture is a ruler of self-motivation to the employees, the ruler that they can contrast their own behavior, identify gaps, can generate the driving force for improving. In the same time, enterprises with shared values, beliefs and codes of conduct which can be a powerful spiritual pillar, can make a person generate a sense of identity, a sense of belonging and a sense of security, until play the role of mutual encouragement.(Deal and Kennedy, 1982) 2.3 The cohesion function The collective strength depends on the cohesion of the organization, the coordination of the organizations internal condition and ability to control. The cohesion of the organization, coordination and control can be generated by rigid connections like the system of discipline, but not as good as more effective by internal binder like shared values, beliefs, and codes of conduct.(Schwartz, and Davis, 1981) 2.4 The constraint function Excellent organizational culture have the binding effect on the thinking and behavior of each employee. After a long period of construction of organizational culture, formed written or convention rules and regulations, ethics and codes of conduct to regulate the behavior of employees, by this measure, it achieve the controling of thinking and behave of workers.(Cooke, 1987) Take the McDonald for example, McDonalds Quality, Service, Cleanliness, Value, it formed from the top to bottom of a company-wide to a high-spirited, energetic and promising enterprises mental outlook, the concept of health inspire and guide workers keep making progress. McDonald focus on meticulous management, cultivate awareness of staff to establish the details determine success or failure , to improve management efficiency through good detail, to build a strong team through good detail, use good details to regulate employee behavior, good restraints of organizational culture in the system can be fully demonstrated. McDonald also enhance their employees sense of belonging through methods such as uniform dress; strengthen employees collaborate awareness; care for each other, help each other; actively promote flexible management to encourages employees to breakthrough program of the work to form a flexible internal strengthen collaboration between employees. scientific management be ing taken to improve the sense of community of employees. The functions of organizational culture impact on management 3.1 The organizational culture is the basis of the Strategic Management, Strategic management is to determine its mission, according to the external environment and internal conditions to set the strategic objectives of the enterprise, in order to ensure the correct implementation of the goals and progress plan, and rely on internal capabilities implemented this kind of planning and decision-making, constraints in the implementation process of a dynamic management process. The organizational culture is the value orientation of the enterprise for a variety of internal and external affairs and resources, enterprises in the long-term organizational values, under the guidance of shared values, guiding principles and select corporate behavior. Excellent organizational culture is an important condition for business strategy development and success. It can highlight the characteristics of enterprises, the formation of the common values of the members of the enterprise, also because of its d istinctive personality, more conducive to enterprise to develop a distinctive strategy of defeating the enemy. Strategy formulation process of collective behavior, establish above the values and beliefs of the organization members.(Hampden-Turner, 1990) Based on the wishes of the members of organization, the guidance from particular culture, to develop corporate strategy around the organizational culture. Therefore, the organizational culture is the basis of corporate strategic planning, development and implementation. 3.2 The relevance of the organizational culture and strategic management In order to maintain the organizational culture and strategic management of mutual synergy, the need for a comprehensive understanding of the positive and negative effect on the strategic management of cultural enterprises to analysis out how to change the organizational strategy culture. (Islam and Zyphur, 2009) 3.2.1 The positive role of the organizational culture on strategic management 3.2.1.1Corporate mission and values are important factors for an enterprise culture, so that employees can identify with the organizations business philosophy and creed. The formulation of corporate strategy is bound to affected by a mission. The corporate mission defines the scope and level of the enterprises operating in the field of socio-economic activities, represents the corporate identity and role in the socio-economic activities. The core corporate values of the organizational culture guide the enterprises own strategy development to built on the basis of the values required of following the market and the enterprises own progress. When employees were able to agree with the companys values, you would think that the efforts they made for the enterprise role, valuable sense of collective identity value will give employees greater satisfaction, and this sense of satisfaction in turn will more promote the dedication of the staff of the enterprise.(Halpin Croft, 1963) 3.2.1.2 Culture played a stable role of organization in corporate strategy design, implementation. It guides and shapes the attitude and behavior of employees, make the employees to accept corporate norms and canonical role of restraint mechanisms, and the guidance play the role of restraint mechanisms to encourage their employees to achieve the behavior that enterprises expect. In the perspective of time corporate strategic constraints can be divided into prior constraints, afterwards constraints and any time constraints. Prior constraints requires to design a good valid strategic plan before the implementation of the it, however, it must be designed harmony with the organizational culture, if there is the deviation between the two, the organizational culture will play its regulatory role for the prior constraints goes smoothly. Organizational culture play its strategic constraintsis more significantly embodied in the adjustment of afterwards constraints. It is based on the spirit o f enterprise, to fully exploit the employees of self-restraint and self-regulation, use of a humane way to adjust, thus it can greatly reducing friction and communication costs of personnel in the process of implementation of the strategy, in order to promote the implementation of the strategy within the enterprise. 3.2.1.3 Organizational culture as a driving force of the strategy and continuously improve business performance, profitability and productivity, it become a powerful internal driving force. Culture enables members to understand the historical tradition and the present approach to business, provided to the staff a reasonable explanation for the events of the past of the enterprise, thus to facilitate the employees to understand their proper representation in the future in the similar incidents. This kind of non-institutional factors will enable more humane management to constrain the opportunistic behavior of managers and employees, thus promoting the effective implementation of the corporate strategy.(Hofstede, 1991) 3.2.2 The negative role of the organizational culture on strategic management 3.2.2.1 Due to cultural difference between the various levels of the organization, when the overall strategy reached out the various departments, they have varying degrees of conflict and contradiction, the contradiction of this conflict will reduce the degree of integration of the entire department and hinder the corporate strategy implementation. However, due to the enterprise implement this kind of division of work, it will lead to a split and the formation of the sub-culture of organizational culture. Strategic management of the enterprise is to unify to form a unified concept of progress of the internal culture, it needs to coordinate the various departments grading, but this requires enterprises to pay the considerable cost, but also need to do ideological adjustment for the department have a propensity of conflict.(Kotter, 1992) 3.2.2.2 The existing organizational culture has been difficult to adapt to the progress of modern society and the enterprise. In order to adapt better to the external environment, to implement the new strategy, many enterprises began to change the organizational culture that are existing. The original culture has been deeply rooted within the enterprise, with the sudden shift, there will be great progress resistance.(Kotter, 1992) 3.2.2.3 People employed in the enterprise have the different cultural background, there is a significant difference between them. The companies believe that this can boost the organization to achieve enterprise multifaceted progress. Employees bear a strong organizational culture will naturally accept this culture, behavior consistent with its own characteristics will not be reflected in order to lead to the formation of a single environmental systems, lack of constructive sounds and opinion, the employees will not spend more time to update and improve the internal management of the enterprise, no innovative force at all.(RSA 1995) Take Apple Inc. as the example, first, the business guiding ideology inadaptability lead to strategic mistakes. Apple does not like to hear someone accusations that he is wrong, and hope that regardless of their own employees, or the hot suitors of the outside world can stand together with his firmly. With the culture of to go it alone will inevitably lead to the companys operating guiding ideology to a product-oriented, which leads the direction of the company and the market demand is difficult to coordinate. Secondly, Lack of coordination within the organization, and inconsistent. Leadership is one thing to develop workflow and truthfully feedback process of the team is another matter entirely. Former Apple designer Andrew Poirot Minkowski, (Andrew Borovsky) said: from the design, each of the underlying designers is extremely difficult to get direct feedback from the executives. Typically, if you are not receiving a positive reply, then it is told you to stop doing stupid things. Third, over-reliance on individual heroes, serious personality cult. Apple has a unique program, that is to cultivate a person whether he is competent, supervisor, or a common staff on behalf of Steve Jobs eligibility. Steve Jobs is a dictator of the company, all of the key decision-making as well as a lot of seemingly inconsequential decisions are made by him. These decisions include how to design the route of shuttle for employees in San Francisco city, what kind of food served in cafeteria. However, as Jobs can insight into the companys all move, he has not see if he is not sitting in the CEOchair, the situation will be very different. 3.3 Changes of organizational culture in the strategic management Re-examine and make appropriate modifications and adjustment to the original values of the organization. Because strategic change and implementation will eventually be implemented into every employees action, so to promote the people of organization to have the idea of change, innovation to the current values, in order to match the new framework for the implementation of the strategy is the value basis whether strategy can be implemented. Second, the culture of innovation concept, allow employees to take the initiative to participate in the innovation. And discuss with the staff of the strategic implementation plan, establish them a clear understanding of the external and internal environment changes, inform the role of that can be brought with the concept of change to the employees, and strengthen the implementation of the identity of the employees on the strategic management. Lastly, establish feedback and timely adjustment mechanism in the organization to allowed full communicatio n of the cultural contradictions.(Schein, 1985) If there is no fast and efficient information system to accept and feedback, no effective coordination and monitoring system for the overall situation, then the implementation of strategic management of the enterprise is bound have actual deviation because of lack of timely and correct information feedback, making the entire implementation process cannot be constrained effectively, then, affect the final implementation, failed to achieve the established strategic objectives. Correctly understand and grasp the the complementary dialectical contact between corporate strategy and organizational culture can help to improve the overall quality and competitiveness of enterprises, promote enterprise taking quality, rapidly, sustained and healthy progress. Conclusion The role of the organizational culture in the corporate management is to manage strictly, focusing on the incentive to cultivate employees sense of responsibility and solidarity, like the physical form of the product, as it is perceivable, organizational culture cohesive people internally, improve operations externally, also strengthen the management, make the vitality of enterprises to develop and create a strong competitive. Ancient and modern history shows that the closed culture inevitably lead to stagnation and degradation of the society, open culture will inevitably lead to the prosperity of society and evolution, it is the same for companies, so to strengthen the integration of the organizational culture is the right choice for corporate survival and sustainable development. In the management applications of the organizational culture, people-oriented is most able to attract talent, now, many businesses and entrepreneurs advertised himself as a people-oriented. However, in the enterprise management system, the leadership style of the business owners in the allocation of the enterprise, the basic living and working conditions of the workers, and so on are not the slightest reflects of the attitude of true respect to talents, to employees, then people-oriented is illusory. In the market economy, if the businesses want to be invincible, business leaders must fully understand and know the advantages and shortcomings of the enterprise. To prevent and overcome their own shortcomings in order to cope in a market economy. Operations are art , management are science, and the system is the guarantee, talent is fundamental. Grasp a good business operation, management, system, talent, then the company could hopely have a healthy development, also could truly establish their own organizational culture.

Gun Control Essay examples -- Argumentative Firearms Essays Papers Wea

Gun Control Gun control is an issue that many are faced with daily. Parents are concerned about the safety of their children more now than before. Some want gun control and some do not. I am against gun control because I believe if properly educated about a gun, anyone can use it to a certain extent. I know gun control laws would help cut back on the store robberies, bank robberies, gang shootings, etc. Gun laws that restrict the sale of handguns would help keep handguns out of criminals’ hands. I understand the beliefs of some who feel that by banning guns the streets and communities would be a much safer place. Gun control laws are not the cure-all for all of society’s problems. Yes, they would cut back on many crimes, but they will not completely â€Å"cure† all of them. People who are for gun control commonly base their decision on myths. Here are just a few of the many myths about gun control:  ¥ Gun Control Saves Lives  ¥ Guns Should be Banned Because They Kill Thousands of People Each Year  ¥ Gun Control Reduces Crime Above are just three of the many myths of gun control. Let’s take a closer look at each one of these. Gun Control Saves Lives â€Å"The truth is gun control costs lives, as evidenced by cities which enforce near total bans on firearms ownership. That’s because criminals don’t obey gun control or any other kind of laws. This means that citizens who do are effectively rendered defenseless.† (â€Å"Saves Lives†) How can a waiting period help an innocent person that is being stalked or threatened? Does prohibiting a person from carrying a gun keep them safe from rapists or attackers? How do any of the gun control laws keep you safe? Which one would save your life if you were being attacked ri... ...ral to the ‘Gun Control’ Movement.† Educational. 5 March 2001 http://spot.colorado.edu/~tiemann/guns.html â€Å"Dr. Tim Wheeler Interview.† Online Posting of Interview. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Resource/dr_tim_wheeler_interview.htm â€Å"Gun Control Saves Lives.† Online Posting. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Myths/gun_control_saves_lives_the_trut.htm â€Å"Guns Kill Thousands Every Year.† Online Posting. 5 March 2001 http://www.guntruths.com/Myths/50,000.htm Madden, Russell. â€Å"The Myth of Gun Violence.† The Laissez Faire City Times, Vol. 4, No 9, February 28, 2000. Polsby, Daniel D., and Dennis Brennen. â€Å"Taking Aim at Gun Control.† The Heartland Institute Web page. 5 March 2001 http://teapot.usask.ca/cdn-firearms/Polsby/gcsumm.html â€Å"Ten Myths about Gun Control.† Homepage. 5 March 2001 http://www.arachne-web.com/shooting/10myths.htm

Ethical Consumption of Cell Phones Essay

1. INTRODUCTION In just 30 years, mobile telephony has grown into a major global industry, with an estimated 5 billion users around the world, compared with a total world population of around 7 billion people. While new subscriber growth has slowed somewhat in recent years, product turnover remains high, with over 1 billion new mobile phones shipped in 2009 alone. This paper firstly examines the life cycle of a cell phone, describing its stages from the extraction of the materials to its disposal or re-usage possibilities. It also discussed the ethical issues that impact the environment and society. Lastly, two cell phone manufactures (Apple and Nokia) are being compared in terms of how they deal with environmental impacts. 2. LIFE CYCLE OF A CELL PHONE Stage One: Extraction of Materials Mobile phones generally comprise approximately 40% metals and 40% plastics, with the remainder made up of glass, ceramic and other miscellaneous materials. The parts of a cell phone include the circuit board, the liquid crystal display (LCD) and the rechargeable battery. The circuit board, which controls all of the phone’s functions, consists of copper, gold, silver, lead, nickel, tin, coltan, and zinc. The LCD, which is a flat-panel display where all the information and images appear, is made of glass or plastic. Batteries power the cell phone and, depending on the type of battery, may contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium and copper. Many of these materials are so called â€Å"persistent toxins† that remain in the environment for a long period of time, even after disposal. Furthermore, an important life cycle consideration is the energy required to extract metals from their respective ores. From an energy perspective, precious metals gold and silver and exceed the impact of copper. In addition, the energy content of glass also has a significant energy footprint, due to the high melt temperatures that are required during manufacturing. Stage Two: Materials Processing Raw materials that go into making cell phones must first be processed before manufacturers can use them. For example, to make the plastic casing, crude oil needs to be combined with natural gas and chemicals. The copper used to make the circuit board and batteries has to be mined from the ground, heated and treated with chemicals and electricity before it can be formed into wires and sheets. Stage Three: Manufacturing The individual parts of a cell phone each go through a manufacturing process. The circuit board is shaped using plastics and fibreglass and then coated with gold plating. The circuits and wires of the circuit board are soldered, glued and coated. The LCD is made with liquid crystals layered between glass or plastic. These layers include two polarized panels, with a liquid crystal solution between them. Light is projected through the layer of liquid crystals and is colorized, which produces the visible image. Batteries have two electrodes (both made from a different metal) and each electrode is touched by a liquid material called electrolytes. When an outlet or another outside electrical source is applied, a chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolytes causes an electric current to flow and powers the battery. Stage Four: Packaging and Transportation The transportation process and packaging of cell phones is seen as harmful to the environment. Transporting cell phones for distribution requires the use of fossil fuels for energy, which can contribute to global climate change. While packaging protects products from damage, identifies contents, and provides information, excessive or decorative packaging contributes to the waste that we produce. Packaging consumes valuable natural resources, such as paper (from trees), plastic (from crude oil in the earth), aluminium (from ore), or other materials, all of which use energy to produce and can result in waste. Some packaging, however, can be made from recycled materials. Stage Five: Useful Life You can extend the use of your cell phone by taking good care of it as in protecting it from damage by storing it in a case, avoiding dropping it, and keeping it out of extreme heat and cold and away from water and other liquids. However, the materials that are used to make cell phones can potentially damage the environment and harm people. Therefore, it is important to reuse, recycle or properly dispose cell phones. Reuse: Many organizations, including recyclers, charities, and electronics manufacturers, accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse gives people, who could not otherwise afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and this also extends the useful lifetime of a phone. Recycle: Nowadays, many stores, manufacturers, and recycling centres accept cell phones for recycling. Some cell phones can be fixed and sold as refurbished phones, or parts can be used to fix phones. Some rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as this way the recovered materials can be used to make new batteries and stainless steel products. Disposal: However, about 40% of cell phones can’t be sold as refurbished cell phones. These cell phones are shredded as well as smelted at a copper refiner. Many metals actually go back to their natural state. This process helps replenish some natural resources and it is called above ground mining. Still, many cell phones are simply thrown in the trash and end up in landfills (buried in the ground) or incinerators (burned). Because cell phones contain metals, plastics, chemicals, and other potentially hazardous substances, they should always be recycled or properly disposed. Phones that are thrown away waste energy and result in the loss of valuable resources. This figure shows the cell phone recycling rate from 2007 to 2010 in the United Stated. Even though sales were the highest in 2010, the recycling rate did not correspond to the sales. 3. ETHICAL ISSUES 1. Energy Conservation The quantity of mobile phone usage increases any environmental impact of this product. Life-cycle analysis conducted by the European Commission shows that energy consumption is the greatest impact, both during manufacture of components and during their usage. Nokia estimated that if 10% of worldwide subscribers would unplug their chargers once their phone is fully charged, the energy saved could to supply 60,000 European homes for one year. Issues like wastage of energy due to overcharging and or mobiles left unplugged even after being fully charged needs to be addressed more. 2. Exploitation & Illegal Trading The material used in the manufacturing of the mobile phones is coltan, a heat resistant material found in the Republic of Congo. In the Coltan, mines there are children that have to work instead of going to school and many reputable companies buy this mineral. Companies have to resort to material provided by controversial circumstances. What is Coltan? Coltan, short for columbite-tantalite is a metallic ore comprising niobium and tantalum. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite, and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite. Niobium, whose leading producer in Brazil, is mostly found in the mineral pyrochlore whereas tantalum is extracted from the ore, tantalite and is created by smelting and tin mining in some places. Tantalum mineral is mainly mined in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Democratic Republic of Congo, China, Ethiopia, Mozambique and other central African countries. Coltan is important for manufacturing cell phones because it is in the capacitors that control current flow in the cell phone’s circuit board. When refined, coltan becomes a heat resistant powder, metallic tantalum which has unique properties for storing electrical charge. Mining Coltan In the Coltan is mined by hand in the Congo by groups of men digging basins in streams by scrapping off the surface mud. They then â€Å"slosh† the water around the crater, which causes the Coltan ore to settle at the bottom of the crater where it is retrieved by the miners. A team can â€Å"mine† one kilo of Coltan per day. Most of these miners are children which are subjected to extreme conditions. Therefore, awareness has to be brought to these terrible working conditions by which these child workers are affected. Coltan financing war A recent report by the UN has claimed that all the parties involved in the local civil war have been involved in the mining and sale of Coltan. One report suggested that the neighbouring Rwandan army made US$250 million from selling Coltan in less than 18 months, despite there being no Coltan in Rwanda to mine. The military forces of Uganda and Burundi are also implicated in smuggling Coltan out of Congo for resale in Belgium. A report to the United Nations Security Council has called for a moratorium on purchase and import of resources from the Democratic Republic of Congo, due to the ongoing civil war that has dragged in the surrounding countries. 3. Toxics Waste disposal & Environmental Impact Persistent Bio accumulative toxins Persistent Bio accumulative toxins (PBTs) PBTs are particularly dangerous because they do not degrade over long periods of time, and can easily spread and move between air, water, and soil, resulting in the accumulation of toxins far from the original point source of pollution. Because PBTs accumulate in fatty issue of humans and animals, the toxins are gradually concentrated and are of great risk. Cell phone batteries Rechargeable batteries are rapidly changing as technological advances improve new power sources. Already 60% of rechargeable Batteries sold worldwide are used in cell phones. However, rechargeable currently have toxic constituents such as cadmium, as well as brominated flame-retardants. The total environmental impact from cell phone batteries depends on a batteries material composition as well as on the time cell phones are used before they are discarded. Therefore, many cell phone users replace their batteries at least once before retiring their phones Lead Lead is a highly poisonous metal affecting almost every organ and system in the body. It has been widely used in electronics as the primary method of attaching components to the printed wiring boards. Lead is a toxin to both humans and the environment. It is a common contaminant and can impact entire ecosystems. In humans, it affects the central nervous system, immune and vascular systems, kidneys, and the endocrine system, with serious effects on the development of children’s brains. Lead is also a possible carcinogen. It accumulates in the environment and has very high chronic and acute effects on microorganisms, plants, and animals. 4. Society In past few years, the boom in the usage of mobile phones has tremendously increased, a large percentage of which are children. With the advancement of technology with faster data rate and streaming videos, the youth has been given unlimited access to any contents on web. Restrictions should be established to prohibit children from accessing adult content. Also, mobile phones have been restricted to be used during driving as it has been one of the factors of road accidents. 4. COMPANY COMPARISON: APLLE vs. NOKIA How do these companies deal with environmental impacts? This part of the paper compared two companies in the cellular industry, Apple and Nokia, and how these firms deal with environmental impacts. Although Apple is not entirely a mobile devices producer, its only mobile phone, the iPhone, is very popular and widely sold. Nokia is a well known mobile devices producer, which was dominating the industry for a very long time. However, in past couple years they have faced tremendous difficulties catching up with the technological changes, and did not produce a â€Å"smart phone† in time. Despite their rapid losses in revenues, they still operate in this market, and one of their latest smart phones, the LUMIA 800, is very similar to the iPhone 4S. Both phones have similar hardware preferences and are comprised of similar materials. Now let’s take a look at which company is better off when it comes to sustainable business. Apple iPhone 4S Apple generally says that their products are brominated flame retardant – free, PVC – free, mercury – free, and that the glass they use is arsenic – free. All of these factors conclude in a positive result for Apple. Also, the iPhone releases a minimum of CO2 -gases. In fact, it releases only 1.2g of CO2-gases per hour, whereas a light bulb produces 48.4g per hour. This performance is due to the LED screen, as LED produces the least CO2 of all light sources. Furthermore, Apple has reduced the size of their packages of iPhones by 42%, which not only rapidly reduces the amount of materials necessary, but they can also ship 80% more boxes in each airline shipping container. That saves one 747 flight for every 371,250 units they ship. If you count in the amounts of fuel that is saved and add every aspect of this change together, it is clear that Apple’s Environmental Management is doing incredibly well. Their whole portfolio regarding environment is a p erfect marketing strategy. They claim that all of their products are fully recyclable. This also includes the power conservation, which in this case is a Lithium-Ion battery. This battery is efficient and long lasting, which eliminated the necessity to replace the battery often. Despite this, there is no way the battery can be removed from the phone without unscrewing the body of the phone, for which you need ultra thin screw drivers. Therefore, nobody can actually recycle these batteries themselves, unless they return it to Apple or give their phones to a recycling company. Despite all of these positive factors, Apple still operates this business using very irrational sales policies. They replace their products with twice as strong hardware every year and adapt the software to the new hardware, which makes the old products very slow and ultimately unable to use. This forces the customers to always buy the newest models, which eventually produces a lot of waste. Nokia LUMIA 800 Although Nokia now has very strong environmental reporting, this whole process started only after the crisis the company went through. Despite this, the LUMIA 800 proves to be a very sustainable product. In Nokia’s reports, it is stated that the phone is BFR-free and PVC-free. The company also states that this phone produces 16kg of CO2 emissions per constant 3 years of usage. Equally divided this yields 0.6g per hour of use, however this is not very reliable because it depends on the way these emissions are measured. When it comes to packaging, Nokia still uses the big boxes. After almost 15 years, they still use the same size of the boxes loaded with papers which contribute to a large amount of material waste. All in all, both companies provide very detailed information about their business ethics, and both rank positively. Apple as well as Nokia lay a great emphasis on improving the environmental aspects of their products and processes in each phase of the product life cycl e, from raw material acquisition till the end of the product’s useful life. Both companies state to have reduced their carbon footprint, while introducing new features and constantly improving their products. To conclude, it cannot be said which company performs better as each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Taking all the above mentioned points into consideration, this paper aims to highlight the ethical issues of mobile phones. When buying a cell phone, most consumers do not even think about what impacts their choice can have on the environment; the same applies to the disposal after the end of life. There are estimated 5 billion cell phone users which should be made more aware of the potential hazards of mobiles. They can cause environmental and health issues, causing CO2-emissions which increase the carbon footprint. Therefore, in conclusion, the choice which cell phone to buy should not only be based on cost and technical factors but also include environmental aspects.

The Personal Is Political - Meaning and Origin

The Personal Is Political - Meaning and Origin The personal is political was a frequently heard feminist rallying cry, especially during the late 1960s and 1970s. The exact origin of the phrase is unknown and sometimes debated. Many second-wave feminists used the phrase the personal is political or its underlying meaning in their writing, speeches, consciousness-raising, and other activities. The meaning has sometimes been interpreted to mean that political and personal issues affect each other.  It has also meant that the experience of women is the grounding of feminism, both personal and political.  Some have seen it as a kind of practical model for creating feminist theory: begin with the small issues with which you have personal experience, and move from there to the larger systemic issues and dynamics which may explain and/or address those personal dynamics. The Carol Hanisch Essay Feminist and writer Carol Hanischs essay titled The Personal is Political appeared in the anthology Notes From the Second Year: Womens Liberation in 1970. She is therefore often credited with creating the phrase. However, she wrote in an introduction to the 2006 republication of the essay that she did not come up with the title. She believed The Personal Is Political was selected by the editors of the anthology, Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, who were both feminists involved with the group New York Radical Feminists. Some feminist scholars have noted that by the time the anthology was published in 1970, the personal is political had already become a widely used part of the womens movement and was not a quote attributable to any one person. The Political Meaning Carol Hanischs essay explains the idea behind the phrase the personal is political.  A common debate between personal and political questioned whether womens consciousness-raising groups were a useful part of the political womens movement. According to Hanisch, calling the groups therapy was a misnomer, as the groups were not intended to solve any womens personal problems. Instead, consciousness-raising was a form of political action to elicit discussion about such topics as womens relationships, their roles in marriage, and their feelings about childbearing. The essay came in particular out of her experience in  the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) and as part of the womens caucus of that organization, and out of her experience in the New York Radical Women  and the Pro-Woman Line within that group. Her essay The Personal Is Political said that coming to a personal realization of how grim the situation was for women was as important as doing political action such as protests. Hanisch noted that political refers to any power relationships, not just those of government or elected officials. In 2006 Hanisch wrote about how the essays original form came out of her experience of working in male-dominated civil rights, anti-Vietnam War and left (old and new) political groups.  Lip service was given to womens equality, but beyond narrow economic equality, other womens issues were often dismissed.  Hanisch was particularly concerned about the persistence of the idea that womens situation was womens own fault, and perhaps all in their heads.  She also wrote of her regret at not anticipating the ways in which both The Personal Is Political and the Pro-Woman Line would be misused and subject to revisionism. Other Sources Among the influential works cited as bases for the personal is political idea are C. Wright Mills 1959 book The Sociological Imagination, which discusses the intersection of public issues and personal problems, and Claudia Jones 1949 essay An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Negro Women. Another feminist sometimes said to have coined the phrase is Robin Morgan, who founded several feminist organizations and edited the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful, also published in 1970.Gloria Steinem has said that it is impossible to know who first said the personal is political and that saying you coined the phrase the personal is political would be like saying you coined the phrase World War II.  Her 2012 book,  Revolution from Within, has been cited as a later example of the use of the idea that political issues cannot be addressed separately from the personal. Critique Some have critiqued the focus on the personal is political because, they say, it has meant a focus more exclusively on personal issues such as family division of labor, and has ignored systemic sexism and political problems and solutions.

What Is NCAA Division 1

What Is NCAA Division 1 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The NCAA, the major governing body for intercollegiate sports, divides its member institutions by divisions. Division I colleges tend to be the largest, have the biggest athletic department budgets, and have the highest level of athletic talent. Most of the prestigious college sporting events you see on television, from bowl games to March Madness, are competitions between Division I schools. In this article, I will thoroughly explain what makes NCAA Division 1 unique and provide you with facts about Division I colleges. What Is the NCAA? The National Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCAA, is the major governing body for intercollegiate sports. There is a much smaller governing body for intercollegiate sports with far fewer member institutions known as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, or NAIA. Also, the governing body for sports at 2-year colleges is the National Junior College Athletics Association, or NJCAA. The role of the NCAA is to oversee championships and establish and enforce rules for its member institutions. Why Are There NCAA Divisions? The purpose of NCAA divisions is to create parity and a more level playing field in intercollegiate sports. Also, the existence of NCAA divisions gives smaller schools with fewer resources the opportunity to compete for championships. What Makes Division 1Unique? NCAA Division 1is known for having the highest level of competition and the best athletes in all of the NCAA divisions. Generally, Division I schools have the biggest student bodies, the largest athletic department budgets, and the most athletic scholarships for their student-athletes. In NCAA Division I, there are almost 350 schools that have more than 6,000 teams. More than 170,000 student-athletes participate in Division I sports. All of the major sports conferences, including the SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, and ACC, are composed of Division I schools. Division 1Football Division I football is further divided into FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) and FCS (Football Championship Subdivision) schools. FBS FBS colleges compete for the chance to participate in bowl games. You may have heard of famous bowl games like The Rose Bowl, The Fiesta Bowl, or The Cotton Bowl. Those are all football games between FBS schools. The FBS is the highest level of collegiate football and there is a tremendous amount of money in it. The highest paid FBS coaches make $7 million annually and Forbes valued the University of Texas-Austin football team at $131 million. FCS FCS is the next highest level of collegiate football after FBS. FCS schools compete for a chance to participate in an NCAA-run playoff instead of bowl games. Compared to the FBS, there is much less money and lower attendance at games in the FCS. In 2014, the average attendance for an FBS home game was 44,190, and the average attendance for an FCS home game was 7,666. Division 1Rules The NCAA sets rules for Division I schools to ensure competitive balance and gender equity. Division I schools have to sponsor at least 7 sports for men and 7 sports for women (or 6 for men and 8 for women). Each playing season (fall, winter, and spring) has to be represented by each gender. For sports other than football and basketball, Division I schools must play 100 percent of the minimum number of contests against Division I opponents. Anything over the minimum number of games has to be 50 percent against Division I foes. Men’s and women’s basketball teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams. Men’s basketball teams must play ⅓ of their games in their home arenas. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, and there are maximum financial aid awards for each sport that a Division I school can’t exceed. FBS Rules FBS teams have to meet minimum attendance requirements. They have to average 15,000 people in actual or paid attendance per home game. If a team can't average 15,000 people, it probably can't compete with the typical FBS team that averages over 44,000. Attendance requirements must be met once in a rolling two-year period. Unlike in the FBS, FCS teams don't need to meet attendance requirements. Types of Schools in Division1 There are public and private colleges in Division I. Examples of Division I public schools include Penn State University, UC Berkeley, the University of Virginia, and the University of Missouri. Examples of Division I private schools include Northwestern, Duke, Stanford, and all of the Ivy League schools. However, Ivy League schools are unique because they're the only Division I schools that don't offer athletic scholarships. There are Division I schools in every state except Alaska. Division 1Facts On average, only 6% of the student bodies at Division I schools participate in NCAA sports. The average enrollment at Division I schools is 12,900. 53% of all student-athletes at Division I colleges receive some level of athletic financial aid. In 2010, the NCAA signed an agreement with CBS and Turner Broadcasting to present the NCAA men's basketball championship for 14 years (from 2011-2024). The deal was for more than $10.8 billion. What's Next? If you aspire to participate in college sports, make sure you know about the college athletic recruiting process. Learn the SAT and ACT scores you need to be eligible to compete in the NCAA. If you want to attend a college with big-time sports, check out this article on the largest college football stadiums. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Heart of Darkness (ANALYTICAL ESSAY ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heart of Darkness (ANALYTICAL ) - Essay Example A team of men is on the Thames waiting for the wind to take proper direction. Marlow whose profession is not clearly defined becomes the narrator in the story and hence represents the voice of the author. He then moves on to talk of Europe having some of the darkest places on earth. He talks of his expedition to Africa, which opened his eyes to the evils of colonization. Illness has been discussed explicitly in the story at different points of time. The Russian companion of Kurtz who went through subsequent illnesses narrates the above lines to Marlow during their meet. The illnesses are very symbolic of the dark environment of colonization where Kurtz was more feared for his whims than respected by the natives who therefore followed his orders like that of God. Sickness has been elaborately discussed throughout the novella; not just physical but mental sickness as well. In this context the passage â€Å"On the contrary. It appears their intercourse had been very much broken by vari ous causes. †¦. smiling continuously at some endless and jocose dream of that eternal slumber† (Conrad, 153-159) could be analyzed. Sometimes they resulted from obsession as it did in case of Kurtz (obsessed with possession of ivory) who once tried to shoot his manager who has been giving him company through all times in order to acquire some ivory from him. When the Russian says, â€Å"they [natives] adored him† (Conrad, 154), the tone implies something more that the words reveal. This was later revealed further as the manager told him about his experiences with Kurtz. The man saw no reason for things, which came, in the way of his demands. When he asked for the ivory he placed his most loyal companion, the Russian, under his gun’s point, which surely surprised Marlow, who has been observing the devotion of the Russian towards Kurtz for quite some time – â€Å"The man filled his life, occupied his thoughts, swayed his emotions† (Conrad, 154). The Russian went on to tell Marlow that he had requested Mr. Kurtz to go back from this life which he himself did not quite like, but despite agreeing to him initially he stayed on and the Russian was determined to stick to him. What is notable in the concerned passage is the strong devotion of the Russian despite facing all odds with his companion. In fact when Marlow called him mad, the Russian strongly protested. This reflect once again the psychological state of the Russian who was an enthusiastic young man but wasted his years quite gladly in the woods merely out of devotion towards Mr. Kurtz. The author brings in the silence and unperturbed nature around the men, which was rather suffocating, to Marlow –â€Å"The woods were unmoved, like a mask -- heavy, like the closed door of a prison -- they looked with their air of hidden knowledge, of patient expectation, of unapproachable silence† (Conrad, 157). On one hand the woods had a lot of give but lay quite some str ess and absorbed a lot from life. Staying alone in such a land perhaps took the toll on Mr. Kurtz and his companion. As â€Å"the appetite for more ivory had got the better of the†¦less material aspirations† Kurtz gathered more natives who apparently adored him but Marlow by now knew better (Conrad, 157). Another evidence of mental sickness arising out of the wild surroundings is the heads that surrounded Kurtz’s house, perhaps to fill the gaps in his life. The Russian must have had a strong influence on his mind especially

Creating a Government Tax on Marijuana Research Paper

Creating a Government Tax on Marijuana - Research Paper Example Its use today is for a combination of medical and religious purposes, but recreational use is no less popular. This is why it would really be beneficial to tax marijuana, as it would bring in a sizeable amount of taxes to the USA and really boost our economy in the present lackluster conditions. Why One Would Support a Government Tax on Marijuana One tends to support a Government Tax on marijuana to legalize its use and make it available to those who want it. There are those who need it for medicinal purposes and it would be cruel to deny them this privilege. For those who are habitual drug users and are addicted to the substance, they would find a way to get it anyway and frequently use criminal avenues to satisfy their needs. By making marijuana legal, the street value would reduce and illegal smuggling would be stopped or greatly reduced. Drug control authorities could then concentrate on rehabilitation rather than on stopping the sources of illegal supply. Drug education is a bet ter way of stopping the menace and should be widely introduced in schools, colleges and universities. By making dealing in commercial quantities a punishable offence this would solve the matter in terms of arresting and incarcerating drug pushers as well. There are two commonly used methods of taxing the citizens of a State or nation. One is by direct taxation in the form of deduction from salaries or other earnings of individuals and corporations. This amount then gets transferred in the accounts and coffers of the IRS. The other is by indirect taxation. In this case, the tax is hidden in the various commodities that we buy and sell that contain marijuana in one form or another. Since there has usually been a huge hue and cry raised over allowing consumption and use of marijuana in the USA for medicinal purposes anyway, the State or Federal Government can allow a minimum threshold of use per month or per year without taxation, and anything above that would be automatically taxed at the decided rates. This would appease the groups of people that use marijuana for medicinal purposes such as in the suppression and control of chronic pain, or for religious and spiritual uses. With the number of people smoking, injecting and inhaling marijuana in its various forms increasing every day, there is a good amount of tax to be earned from it. According to UN estimates, marijuana is the most widely consumed illicit drug in the world. While the Federal Government supports the control and restrictions on marijuana, around 14 States in the USA have allowed the use of marijuana to date. It is worth remembering that was only in the early part of the 20th century that the open and unrestricted use of marijuana was challenged and made illegal. Even so, countries like Spain, Canada, Austria and the Netherlands have legalized a certain amount of marijuana for personal and medicinal use. In fact, there is an argument that production of hemp in large quantities was outlawed because it was a cheap substitute for paper and nylon. It would have ruined the business plans of DuPont, the inventor of nylon and affected the fortunes of William Randolph Hearst, who had invested millions in the wood industry (Wishnia, 3). The Case against Legalization The debate as to whether the use of marijuana should be legalized or not is far from over. Among the reasons opposing legalization of this drug are its known harmful effects. For instance, it has been documented that the use of mariju